Permissions

1. It is haraam for anyone of whom fasting is required to break fast any day in Ramadhan.
2. Breaking fast is obligatory on a woman in her menstrual or post-partum bleeding and upon one who needs to do so in order to save the life of another.
3. Breaking fast is sunnah for one traveling in a manner which allows joining and shortening of prayers.
4. And for one who is ill and fears some harm from fasting.
5. It is allowed for one who begins a journey during the day.
6. And for a pregnant or nursing woman who fears for her own health (day is repaid only).
7. Or if she fears for the fetus/child in which case she breaks fast, repays the day later and the father of the child is responsible for feeding one needy person for every such day missed.  They day must also be repaid according to the best opinion.
8. If a kafir becomes Muslim, a menstruating woman becomes clean, an ill person becomes well, a traveler arrives home, a child reaches puberty or an insane person regains their sanity while not fasting during the day they must fast the rest of the day AND pay the day back.
9. One who is allowed not to fast a day in Ramadhan cannot fast something else in its place.

Things Which Break the Fast

1. Twelve in all (some are questionable):
   1. Menstrual or post-partum bleeding
   2. Death
   3. Apostasy
   4. Intention to break fast (intention is required throughout the day)
   5. Change of mind back and forth as to whether to fast (as above)
   6. Vomiting intentionally
   7. Cupping for both parties (this was later rescinded and permission given)
   8. Marital relations
   9. Anything which enters the abdomen, the throat or the sinuses whether liquid or solid.
2. The fast is not broken if any of these things are done while forgetting or under coercion.
3. Nor if dust or an insect enters the throat or one swallows their own saliva.